Immigration and Naturalization Agency: What They Do

Everyone · Explainer · Updated October 1, 2026 · LearnLife Editorial

What is the Immigration and Naturalization Agency?

The Immigration and Naturalization Agency refers to the government body responsible for managing immigration and citizenship processes in the United States. Today, this function is primarily handled by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, which operates under the Department of Homeland Security. The agency oversees applications for visas, green cards (permanent resident cards), asylum, and naturalization (becoming a U.S. citizen).

For example, if someone moves to the U.S. for work, they may apply for a work visa or a green card through this agency. If later they want to become a citizen, they submit a naturalization application to the same agency. USCIS reviews documents, conducts interviews, and makes official decisions based on immigration laws.

This agency plays a central role in regulating who can enter and stay in the country legally. It also protects public safety by performing background and security checks on applicants.

How does the Immigration and Naturalization Agency work?

When applying for immigration benefits, individuals submit their forms and required fees to USCIS. The agency then begins a step-by-step review process, which includes verifying documents, conducting background checks, and scheduling interviews or biometrics appointments.

Consider a hypothetical example: David has been a permanent resident for five years and wants to become a U.S. citizen. He submits the naturalization application (Form N-400) along with the fee. USCIS sends him a notice for a biometrics appointment to collect fingerprints and photos. After this, they schedule an interview where David answers questions about his application and takes a test on U.S. government and history.

Following the interview, the agency decides whether to approve, deny, or request more information. If approved, David attends a naturalization ceremony where he takes the Oath of Allegiance, officially becoming a U.S. citizen.

The general process includes these steps:

1. Application submission: Fill out the correct form, pay the fee, and send it to USCIS.
2. Biometrics appointment: Attend a scheduled visit to provide fingerprints and photos.
3. Interview and test: Meet with an immigration officer, answer questions, and take the civics and English test if required.
4. Decision: Receive a written notice of approval or denial.
5. Oath ceremony: If approved, attend a ceremony to take the oath and receive a citizenship certificate.

Each stage requires attention to detail and meeting deadlines. Preparing for the interview and test by reviewing sample questions can improve the chance of success.

Why does the Immigration and Naturalization Agency matter to you?

This agency matters because it is the official gateway for anyone seeking to live legally or become a U.S. citizen. If you or someone in your family wants to immigrate, apply for citizenship, or bring relatives to the U.S., this agency processes those requests and enforces immigration laws. Understanding its role helps you avoid mistakes, scams, and delays.

For example, a family member petitioning for a spouse’s green card must submit the correct forms to this agency and provide proof of the relationship. Employers hiring foreign workers rely on the agency’s work to issue work permits legally. Additionally, becoming a naturalized citizen through this agency grants voting rights and access to government benefits.

Knowing how the agency operates and what it requires can save months of waiting or applications being rejected. It also helps immigrants protect their rights and follow clear steps toward their goals.

What are common terms people confuse with the Immigration and Naturalization Agency?

Several terms are often mixed up with the Immigration and Naturalization Agency:

• USCIS: This is the current agency handling immigration benefits, including naturalization. It replaced the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) that used to manage these duties.
• Immigration Courts: Separate from USCIS, these courts handle cases about removing or deporting non-citizens.
• Customs and Border Protection (CBP): This agency manages border security and inspections at ports of entry but does not process immigration applications.
• Department of State: Responsible for issuing visas at U.S. embassies abroad, but it does not approve green card or citizenship applications.

Recognizing these distinctions helps you contact the right office and understand who handles each part of immigration.

How can you apply for naturalization through the agency?

Applying for naturalization involves several clear steps, which anyone preparing to become a U.S. citizen should follow carefully:

1. Check your eligibility: Generally, you must be a permanent resident for a certain number of years and meet other requirements like good moral character.
2. Complete Form N-400: This is the official application for naturalization. Fill it out completely and truthfully.
3. Gather supporting documents: Include a copy of your green card, photographs, and any other documents USCIS requests.
4. Pay the filing fee: The fee amount can be found on the USCIS website and must be paid when filing.
5. Attend biometrics appointment: USCIS will notify you of the date and location for fingerprinting.
6. Prepare for the interview and test: Study U.S. history and government, and practice speaking and reading English.
7. Attend the naturalization interview: Answer questions about your application and take the test.
8. Receive a decision: USCIS will notify you in writing.
9. Attend the oath ceremony: If approved, this final step makes you a U.S. citizen.

For example, if you earn $400 a month, you should plan ahead to cover the application fee, which could be a few hundred dollars. You may also want to attend free community classes or use online resources to prepare for the civics test.

Detailed instructions and sample test questions are available on official sites and guides like How to Apply for Naturalization.

What should you do next if you want to interact with the Immigration and Naturalization Agency?

If you plan to apply for immigration benefits or citizenship, start by clearly identifying your goal—whether it’s a visa, green card, or naturalization. Then:

• Visit the official USCIS website to find the correct forms and detailed instructions.
• Carefully read eligibility requirements and gather necessary documents.
• Avoid using unverified sources or services that promise guaranteed results.
• Consider consulting with a certified immigration counselor or legal aid if you need help.
• Keep copies of all forms and correspondence.
• Track your application status online using the receipt number USCIS provides.
• Prepare thoroughly for your interview and the naturalization test, if applicable.

Being organized and informed reduces errors that could delay your application. If you encounter issues or receive requests for more information, respond promptly and keep copies of all communications.

What role do naturalization agents play in this process?

Naturalization agents are professionals who assist individuals throughout the citizenship application process. They help you understand eligibility requirements, complete forms accurately, and prepare for interviews and tests. While they do not make decisions about applications, their guidance can reduce mistakes and stress.

For instance, an agent might help you practice test questions or explain how to respond to interview questions clearly. Using a naturalization agent is especially helpful if English is not your first language or if you find the paperwork confusing.

Always verify that your agent is certified or works with a reputable organization to avoid scams. You can learn more about their role in Naturalization Agent: Role and Importance in the Process.

Frequently asked questions

Can the Immigration and Naturalization Agency speed up my application if I pay extra?

The agency offers limited premium processing for certain types of immigration petitions, but not for naturalization applications. Most naturalization applications follow a standard timeline. Always check USCIS’s official site for the latest processing options.

What happens if my naturalization application is denied?

If denied, USCIS will send a written explanation. You may have the option to appeal or request a hearing. It is important to review the reasons carefully and consider consulting an immigration lawyer or accredited representative.

Does the agency provide language assistance during interviews?

USCIS provides interpreters for the naturalization interview only in limited situations. Applicants are generally expected to demonstrate basic English skills, but exceptions exist based on age or disability.

How do I report a scam related to immigration services?

If you suspect fraud, contact the Federal Trade Commission or the Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Security Investigations unit. Always use official government websites and resources when applying.

Can I bring my relatives to the U.S. through this agency?

Yes, U.S. citizens and permanent residents can petition for certain family members to immigrate. The agency processes these petitions, but eligibility and wait times vary depending on the relationship.