References or Referees in a CV: What to Include

Everyone · Explainer · Updated October 1, 2026 · LearnLife Editorial

What Are References and Referees in a CV?

In simple terms, references are people who can vouch for your professional abilities, character, and experience. When you apply for a job, employers may want to contact these individuals to confirm what you say about yourself. These can include former managers, colleagues, teachers, or internship supervisors who know your work well. The term "referees" is often used interchangeably with "references," but it is more common in British English. In American job applications, "references" is the standard term. Both terms mean the same: trusted contacts who provide recommendations or endorsements.

Employers use references to get a clearer picture of your work style, reliability, and how you might fit into their team. For example, if you say you are punctual and a team player, a reference might confirm or question these traits. Including references or referees is a way to give employers confidence in your claims.

How Do References Work in a Job Application?

References work as a verification tool during the hiring process. Usually, after reviewing your application and interviewing you, an employer will ask for references to call or email. They want to hear from people who have directly observed your work. For example, if you list your previous manager as a reference, the employer might ask about your attendance, ability to meet deadlines, and how well you handled customer interactions.

Here’s a hypothetical example: Imagine you apply for an administrative assistant position and provide three references—a former supervisor, a colleague, and a university professor. The hiring manager calls your supervisor to ask about your organizational skills and reliability. The supervisor confirms you always met deadlines and worked well under pressure. This feedback supports your application and increases your chances of getting hired.

Employers appreciate when references are ready and willing to speak about you. That’s why it’s important to ask permission beforehand and provide your references with details about the job you’re applying for so they can tailor their input.

Why Does Including References Matter for Job Seekers?

Including references on your CV or resume can make a positive impression on potential employers, especially if they ask for them upfront. References serve as endorsements of your skills and character, helping hiring managers trust your qualifications. This is particularly helpful if you lack extensive work experience because references can highlight your strengths beyond what’s written in your CV.

However, many job seekers choose not to list references directly on their CV to save space and maintain privacy for their contacts. Instead, they include a simple line such as “References available upon request.” This approach signals that you have references ready without crowding your CV. If an employer wants to check your references, they will ask later in the process.

For example, a recent college graduate might list professors or internship supervisors as references who can speak about academic performance and relevant skills. A career changer might use former colleagues or mentors who can vouch for transferable skills. In all cases, references add credibility and can be the deciding factor between candidates.

What’s the Difference Between References and Referees?

The terms "references" and "referees" are often confused, but they mean nearly the same thing with some regional differences. In the United States, "references" is the preferred term used on resumes and CVs. It refers to people who provide a recommendation or confirmation of your skills and character.

"Referees" is primarily a British English term and used in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. It carries the same meaning but may also be understood differently outside the job application context—for example, a "referee" in sports is an official who enforces rules. Therefore, using "references" in the US avoids confusion.

Understanding this distinction helps you use the correct term depending on the job market or employer’s preference. If you apply to a company based in the UK, you might see the word "referees" in the job description, and you should provide contacts accordingly.

Should I Include References on My Resume or CV?

Deciding whether to include references directly on your CV depends on the job application instructions and your personal preference. Many hiring managers prefer not to see references listed upfront. Instead, they request them only when needed. This is because including references takes up valuable space that could be better used to highlight your skills, achievements, and experience.

If a job posting specifically asks for references, then list them clearly near the end of your CV. Provide full names, job titles, company names, phone numbers, and professional email addresses. For example:

If the job posting does not ask for references, it’s better to omit them from your CV and instead write a simple line such as “References available upon request.” This keeps your CV concise and puts the focus on your qualifications.

When you do provide references, double-check that their contact information is current and that they are aware they may be contacted. This preparation helps maintain professionalism and ensures smooth communication.

How to Choose and Prepare Your References?

Selecting good references is crucial to your job search success. Ideal references are people who know your work well, can speak positively about your skills, and have a professional relationship with you. This can include:

• Former supervisors or managers
• Colleagues or teammates
• Professors, especially for recent graduates
• Internship or volunteer supervisors
• Clients or customers you worked closely with

Avoid using family members or close friends as references since employers seek impartial opinions.

Before listing someone as a reference, always ask for their permission. This shows respect and ensures they are willing and prepared if contacted. When you ask, provide them with a copy of your CV and details about the job you’re applying for. For example, you might say:

“I’m applying for a customer service position and would appreciate if you could speak about my communication and problem-solving skills if contacted.”

Also, confirm the best contact details they prefer to share. Keep your references updated about your job search progress so they know when to expect a call or email.

What to Do Next: Adding References to Your CV or Job Application?

Once you decide to include references, organize their details clearly and professionally. If you list three references, format them like this:

1. Full Name
2. Job Title
3. Company Name
4. Phone Number
5. Professional Email Address

Here’s an example of how to present one reference on your CV:

Jane Doe Senior Project Manager Tech Solutions Inc. (555) 321-4567 [email protected]

If you prefer not to include references on your CV, add the phrase:

References available upon request.

This phrase reassures employers that you have references but only share them when necessary.

Keep a separate document ready with your references’ full details. When an employer requests references, send this document promptly. Always notify your references that they may be contacted to avoid surprises.

Additionally, keep your references updated as you progress in your career. Occasionally check in with them and thank them for their support, maintaining a positive professional relationship.

Frequently asked questions

Should I include references on all job applications?

Not always. Include references only if requested in the job posting. Otherwise, use “References available upon request” or provide references later in the hiring process.

Can I use LinkedIn recommendations as references?

LinkedIn recommendations can support your application but usually do not replace traditional references. Employers often prefer direct contact with references.

How do I handle references if I’m changing careers?

Use references who can speak to transferable skills like communication, leadership, or problem-solving, even if from a different industry.

What if a reference is unavailable when an employer calls?

Always have backup references ready. Inform your references about your job search so they can be prepared when contacted.

How long should I keep references after a job ends?

Keep references for at least a few years after you leave a job. Stay in touch periodically to maintain the relationship.